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A column of short length that will fail in shear rather than bend under lateral deformation when the column is overloaded during an earthquake. Includes captive columns, where wall elements (usually non-structural walls that are part of the enclosure system) effectively shorten some columns to less than the floor to beam height.
As a rule of thumb, a building has short columns if there are captive columns where the capturing non-structural walls reduce the height of unsupported length of the column by at least half, or where the capturing non-structural walls reduce the aspect ratio (height to depth ratio, where the depth of the column is measured parallel to the wall) of the column to less than 2:1.
Examples of short columns (A. Charleson, Seismic Design for Architects, Architectural Press 2008, p148 fig. 9.8).
Example of short columns caused by part-height masonry infill (A. Charleson, Seismic Design for Architects, Architectural Press 2008, p150 fig. 9.14).
Short Column in reinforced concrete construction, New Zealand (A. Charleson)
Captive columns in a reinforced concrete building damaged in the 2003 Boumerdes, Algeria earthquake (M. Farsi)
A building with captive columns suffered damage in the 2001 Bhuj, India earthquake (NICEE and IIT Kanpur)
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The exact height of the ground level above grade is clear from survey or drawings, and it does not vary more than 1m across the footprint of the building. The average height is defined to an accuracy of 0.1m.
Units: metres
Example: HFEX:0.7 (height is exactly 0.7 m)
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Steel reinforcing bars can be used within the build-up of a concrete masonry wall, within cavities that are then filled with poured concrete. Alternatively, steel welded wire mesh overlaid with cement plaster can be attached to interior or exterior wall surfaces with steel dowels.
Concrete block masonry construction with steel reinforcement, Canada (B. McEwen)
An adobe building reinforced externally with steel wire mesh overlaid with cement plaster, Peru (N. Tarque)
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Use that is known, but is not adequately described by any of the uses listed in this table.
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It is clear that the structural material is steel, but the type of steel construction is unknown. The steel structure may be hidden, or information about it is unavailable.