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This is an overlay of reinforcing mesh bonded or attached to a masonry wall to provide reinforcement. The reinforcement is usually in the form of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) mesh or fabrics using glass or carbon fibres bonded to the wall with a resin, or polymer grid (geogrid) attached to the wall with plastic or nylon ties. Mesh is often also placed on the interior surfaces of walls and to surfaces of interior walls. The mesh is usually plastered over. Cement or mud plaster is used. This type of reinforcement is often installed in existing buildings as a seismic retrofit provision.
Adobe walls reinforced with polymer mesh, construction phase; note the mesh overlaid with mud plaster on the right photo (N. Tarque)
Polymer mesh (geogrid) laid in form of horizontal and vertical bands, adobe walls, Peru (left-S. Brzev and right-N. Tarque)
Concrete block masonry reinforced with fibre reinforced composite mesh, Canada (J. Sherstobitoff)
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A pitched roof with projecting vertical windows that have their own pitched roofs that intersect the main roof.
Pitched roof with dormers, New Zealand (A.Charleson)
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The roof structure is concrete slab and there is no other covering surface over the structure of the roof system, other than paint or a clear seal. This attribute does not apply to concrete tiles or fibre cement sheet.
Concrete roof without additional covering, India (S. Brzev)
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The building may be within a block, but it is not attached to any other building. This applies to buildings whose neighbouring buildings are spaced apart a distance equal to or more than 4% of the height of the lower building. Where buildings are spaced closer than this, but not attached, they are considered to be adjacent.
The buildings shown in black in this plan view are detached, as the two neighbouring buildings are too far away to be considered adjacent.
An example of a detached building, Vancouver, Canada (Map data ©2013 Google, Province of British Columbia, DigitalGlobe, IMTCAN)
Detached building on a corner, where the neighbouring buildings are too far away to be considered adjacent, New Zealand (L. Allen).
Detached building, where the neighbouring buildings are too far away to be considered adjacent. Putu, Chile (S. Brzev).
The building in the foreground is detached, as the neighbouring buildings are too far away to be considered adjacent. Santiago, Chile (S. Brzev).
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Wooden beams or trusses and joists, supporting heavy roof covering. Examples include a sloped wooden roof with a layer of earth covered by clay roof tiles, found in high precipitation regions around the world. Another example of heavy covering is stone tiles, which are used for roofing.
This also includes flat roofs with heavy roof covering made from mixture of clay, straw and tamped earth. New layers are added annually to the roof as a protection against rain and snow percolation. These roofs are predominantly found in single-storey buildings in rural areas of Eastern Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, China, as well as in the Andean highlands and other regions.
Flat wooden roof with heavy mud and straw overlay, Iran (A. Mahdizadeh, M. Yekrangnia)
Unreinforced masonry building in Baghlia City experienced roof collapse in the 2003 Boumerdes, Algeria earthquake; the timber roof structure supported clay tile roof covering (M. Farsi)
Typical flat roof found in adobe buildings in Peru made of wooden (or bamboo) beams overlaid with straw, mud, and in some cases tiles or metal sheets (N. Tarque)
Wooden roof structure with stone slate tiles, Nepal (M. Schildkamp)
Wooden roof supporting clay tiles, Chile (S. Brzev)
Flat wooden roof structure supporting heavy mud covering, India (S. Brzev)
Wooden roof with a heavy mud overlay caused many fatalities in the 1993 Maharashtra, India earthquake (S. Brzev)