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Changes in vertical structure when the structural system and/or structural material changes up the height of the building. This also covers the irregularity referred to as "Offset Structure" in some building codes. The Offset Structure refers to a case when the lateral load-resisting system is not vertically continuous from foundation to roof, but has a horizontal offset somewhere up its height. These buildings may have two different lateral load-resisting systems at some floor levels, but not across all levels (vertically), or across the entire plan (horizontally).
Change in vertical structure (FEMA 454, 2006)
Offset structure - discontinuous shear walls (FEMA 454, 2006)
Transamerica Pyramid, the tallest skyscraper in San Francisco, California is characterized by a change in vertical structure (S. Brzev)
Change in vertical structure, Seattle, USA (S. Brzev)
Change in vertical structure, a temple in China (D. Willms)
This building in Rawalpindi, Pakistan is characterized by a change in vertical structure and it suffered damage in the 2005 Kashmir earthquake (C. Scawthorn)
A Kasbah in Tanger, Morocco with a large overhang (C. Scawthorn)
Change in vertical structure, Seattle Central Library, USA (S. Brzev)
A building with large overhangs, University of California Berkeley, USA (S. Brzev)
This building in India has large overhangs (People in Centre)
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A framework of beams and columns in which inclined, often diagonal, structural members brace the building and provide strength and rigidity. The bracing can take a variety of forms. If diagonal members are stocky they resist both tension and compression forces. However if slender, they resist tension forces only. Usually, braced frame members are triangulated and meet at joints (similar to a vertical truss). Eccentrically Braced Frames are the exception - their inclined members are deliberately offset at joints in order to create ductile fuse regions in the steel beams. Braced Frames may or may not be infilled.
A simplified drawing of a typical cross-braced frame structure (A. Charleson, Seismic Design for Architects, Architectural Press 2008, p. 64, Fig. 5.2).
Examples of different types of braced frames (A. Charleson, Seismic Design for Architects, Architectural Press 2008, p. 77, Fig. 5.23).
Exterior braced frame as a retrofit scheme for a reinforced concrete building, Mexico (C. Scawthorn)
Braced frame (Chevron braces), Seattle, USA (S. Brzev)
Eccentrically braced steel frame under construction, New Zealand (A. Charleson)
Concentrically braced steel frame under construction, Canada (S. Brzev)
Concentrically braced frame, India (A. Charleson)
Braced frame, Iran (A. Charleson)
Steel braced frame, Seattle, USA (S. Brzev)
Exterior steel braced frame as a retrofit solution, University Hall, University of Berkeley, California (S. Brzev)
Birds Nest Stadium in Beijing, China has a 3-D braced frame structural system (S. Brzev)
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It is not known whether connections are present that provide vertical attachment of roof to walls in order to restrain roof from wind lift-off. There is insufficient information available or the connections are not visible from a survey.
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Buildings used for higher education and vocational training. Group housing, e.g. college residences, is not included in this category: refer to Institutional housing.