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There are connections between the roof diaphragm and the walls, capable of transferring in-plane forces from roof to wall and restraining outward displacements of walls.
Example of retrofit method to improve strength of wall-to-roof connections of a steel deck diaphragm to a concrete or masonry wall; note that N refers to New and E refers to existing components (FEMA 172, 1992)
Diagram showing a roof-wall connection for wood diaphragm and masonry wall, and parapet bracing.
Roof-wall diaphragm connection in a retrofitted building in Seattle, USA achieved through steel anchors (S. Brzev)
A typical wall anchor, consisting of a steel rod and an exterior steel plate exposed at the exterior; note that anchor plates are of different shapes and sizes (S. Brzev)
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A large sporting venue with seating for more than 1000 spectators. Seating can be indoor or outdoors.
Refer also to Recreation and Leisure for sporting venues with fewer spectators.
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Earthen construction that is reinforced by horizontal and or vertical bands or posts from wood or other materials capable of resisting bending and or tension. Examples of horizontal reinforcement are eaves or lintel bands. The reinforcement increases the strength of walls and/or functions to tie walls together.
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Fired perforated clay bricks with one or more holes (cavities) through the thickness of the brick with the area of cavities in excess of 25% of the volume. The holes can be seen from above after the brick has been laid.
Fired clay hollow bricks, Iran (A. Charleson)
Fired clay hollow bricks with vertical perforations, Peru (S. Brzev)
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The building is mixed use, a mixture of industrial and commercial. The majority of the floor area is for industrial use.