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The building is mixed use, a mixture of industrial and residential. The majority of the floor area is for industrial use.
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It is clear that the structural material is earth construction, but the type of construction is unknown. The structural material may be hidden, such as in the case of a plastered earth wall, or information about it is unavailable.
It is difficult to identify type of earthen construction when the walls are covered with plaster, like in this example of cob construction in India (People in Centre)
Older low-rise masonry buildings in Chile are of adobe construction (see the exposed portion of the wall); adobe is NOT considered to be an earthen construction (it is a masonry construction technology) (S. Brzev)
Many buildings in Peru are of adobe construction; adobe is NOT considered as earthen construction (it is a masonry construction technology) (S. Brzev)
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A structural irregularity that is observed in the elevation or section of the building (vertical plane). If more than one vertical irregularity is observed, the primary vertical irregularity is that deemed to be the most significant in terms of affecting the building’s seismic performance, and the secondary vertical irregularity is that deemed to be the next most significant.
Example of a reinforced concrete building with a vertical irregularity, USA (S. Brzev)
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Reinforced concrete slabs are supported by columns or load-bearing walls. Flat slabs are supported by columns with capitals and/or drop panels, while flat plates are supported by columns without capitals. This floor system also includes waffle slabs without beams. Slabs or plates can be post-tensioned. They are sometimes overlaid with lightweight roofing.
Reinforced concrete waffle slab, Canada (S. Brzev)
Reinforced concrete flat plate supported by columns, USA (S. Brzev)
Reinforced concrete roof slab supported by walls, Pakistan (J. Bothara)
Reinforced concrete flat slab system with capitals, UK (S. Brzev)
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There are no connections between the floor diaphragm(s) and the walls that are capable of transferring in-plane forces from roof to wall and restraining outward displacements of walls.
Inadequate wooden floor-to-wall connection (FEMA 310, 1998)
Example of wall-to-floor connections of a wood diaphragm, that may be inadequate (adapted from FEMA 172, 1992)
Example of connections of a composite concrete slab and steel deck diaphragm to a concrete or masonry wall, that may be inadequate (adapted from FEMA 172, 1992)
Cast-in-place reinforced concrete floor supported by concrete wall. The connection may not be adequate if construction joints are not able to transfer lateral loads across the interface.
Floor-wall diaphragm connections between steel trusses (known as Open Web Steel Joists in North America) and masonry walls may be inadequate if support provided by the wall is not adequately designed and/or constructed (J. Adams)
Support for hollow concrete slabs provided by masonry walls may be inadequate (J. Adams)
Inadequate support for precast concrete hollow floor slabs provided by supporting beams contributed to building collapse in the 2008 Wenchuan, China earthquake (J. Dai)
Out-of-plane wall collapse was reported in some unreinforced masonry buildings due to the 2011 Christchurch, New Zealand earthquake; the building shown on the photo had inadequate floor-wall connections (K. Elwood)