Glossary for gem taxonomy

Car parking facilities, covered and multi-storey. Does not include flat open lots.

The roof is curved. It may be of a regular round arched shape, or more irregularly curved when viewed in section.

Curved roof, Rogers Arena, Vancouver, Canada (S. Brzev)

Curved roof (earthen dome), Iran (F. Naeim, World Housing Encyclopedia Report 104)

Irregular curved roof, Canada (S. Brzev)

Regular curved roof, Canada (S. Brzev)

Curved roof shape, Beijing Capital International Airport, China (S. Brzev)

A cripple wall is a wall that is less than a full storey high, and it usually occurs between a foundation and the ground floor in a light wood frame building (thus creating a crawl space). These walls are weak because they are typically sheathed with only stucco or horizontal wood siding on the exterior side of the wall. These sheathing materials are inadequate wall-bracing methods. Damage and collapse of older wood frame buildings at the cripple-wall level was observed in past earthquakes.

Cripple wall and crawl space (FEMA G225)

Collapse of a wood-frame house which slid over the cripple wall, 1983 Coalinga, California earthquake (EERI Reconnaissance Team)

Cripple wall failure in the 1971 San Fernando, California earthquake (Courtesy of K.V. Steinbrugge and the NISEE, University of California, Berkeley)

The building footprint is a round shape; circular, elliptical, or ovoid.

A building with a solid elliptical plan shape, Vancouver, Canada (Map data ©2013 Google, Province of British Columbia, DigitalGlobe, IMTCAN)