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Factories and facilities considered as light industry. E.g. Factories, telecommunications, textiles, transportation services, utilities.
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The foundations are less than 1m deep below grade, and they have lateral capacity. Foundations with lateral capacity include tie-beams, foundation walls bracing in the direction of their lengths, inclined piles, piles or piers on wide spread footings, cantilevered or braced piles, and slabs on grade.
An example of a braced timber pile shallow foundation that has lateral capacity.
An example of a slab-on-grade shallow foundation that has lateral capacity.
Examples of braced timber pile foundations, New Zealand (Charleson).
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All retail uses, including retail shops, supermarkets, shopping malls.
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The footprint of the building when viewed in plan resembles the shape of the letter H.
A building with H-shaped plan, Stanford University, California, USA (Map data ©2013 Google, SIO, NOAA, U.S. Navy, NGA, GEBCO, LDEO-Columbia, NSF, Image Landsat)
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The lateral load-resisting structure comprises of moment frames and shear walls acting together in the same direction, and it is mostly applicable to reinforced concrete structures. Due to wall slenderness, the structural system cannot be classified as a Wall system; however shear walls interact with the moment frames and resist seismic effects. The walls are usually solid (not perforated by openings) and they can be found around the stairwells, elevator shafts, and/or at the perimeter of the building. The walls may have a positive effect on the performance of the frames such as by preventing a soft storey collapse. Very slender walls of a dual frame-wall system may or may not have been designed for the level of earthquake forces that could be imposed upon them. Note that the dual frame-wall system is a Hybrid Lateral Load-Resisting System, however it has been identified as a separate system in this taxonomy. It may be difficult to distinguish a Dual system from the Wall system in a reinforced concrete building. The user will need to have additional information related to the building design and local building codes and design practices.
A simplified drawing of a dual frame-wall structure running in one direction showing floor slabs supported by beams (adapted from: A. Charleson, Seismic Design for Architects, Architectural Press 2008, p. 64, Fig. 5.2).
A typical reinforced concrete building with the frame-wall dual system, Greece (T.P. Tassios and K. Syrmakezis, World Housing Encyclopedia Report 15)
Dual frame-wall system is common for contemporary reinforced concrete building construction in Algeria (M. Farsi)
Reinforced concrete dual frame-wall construction, Chile (M.O. Moroni, C. Gomez, and M. Astroza, World Housing Encyclopedia Report 6)
Dual reinforced concrete frame and wall construction, Kyrgyzstan (U. Begaliev, A. Duishev, and R. Musakov)