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Wall construction of earth which is compacted by hand or mechanically into formwork that is then removed and the wall allowed to dry. This technique makes it possible to build monolithic walls in compacted earth.
Rammed earth construction in Bamyan Province, Afghanistan (Aga Khan Development Network)
Rammed earth walls are constructed using local soil mixed with pebbles and water. The mix is compacted in wooden formwork (made of planks placed at regular intervals) to form monolithic walls (Aga Khan Development Network)
Rammed earth construction, Tajikistan (J. Niyazov)
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A more detailed description of the material type
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The general classification of the material of the roof system. Roof system is the structure that supports roof covering and environmental loading (such as rain and snow). Roof system is often not exposed from the exterior of the building. The material of roof system is usually different from the material of roof covering.
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Slabs and columns are constructed without beams. Unlike flat plates, flat slabs have capitals and/or drop panels at the tops of columns. (A capital is the upper portion of the column, which is usually of conical shape and larger in cross-section than the remaining portion of the column; a drop panel is a thickened portion of the slab in the area adjacent to a column.) Slab band systems, consisting of continuous wide beams spanning between the columns, also fall in this category due to specific beam-column connections (click here for more information). Primarily designed to resist gravity loads, these systems possess very limited ability to resist earthquake forces. If there are numerous walls they should be considered the lateral load-resisting system.
A simplified drawing of a flat slab / plate or waffle slab structure (adapted from: A. Charleson, Seismic Design for Architects, Architectural Press 2008, p. 64, Fig. 5.2)
Partial section of a flat plate structure
Diagram showing examples of flat plate and flat slabs
Reinforced concrete flat plate system, Eugene, USA (S. Brzev)
Flat slab structure, Canada - note column capitals (S. Brzev)
Reinforced concrete flat slab system (note column capitals), Vancouver, Canada (S. Brzev)
Reinforced concrete flat slab with a column capital, London, UK (S. Brzev)
Flat slab, Australia - note drop panels beneath the slab (A. Charleson)
Slab band system, Canada (S. Brzev)
A reinforced concrete building with flat plate system under construction, Kenya (K. Jaiswal)
Reinforced concrete flat slab under construction, Canada (S. Brzev)
Reinforced concrete parking garage with flat slab system, USA (S. Brzev)
This reinforced concrete building has a waffle slab system, Vancouver, Canada (S. Brzev)
A reinforced concrete waffle slab, Eugene, USA (S. Brzev)
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House that is detached. A single residential unit, which would typically house one family. It is stand-alone and is not structurally joined to other residential units.