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Shallow-arched masonry roof spans between metal, timber or concrete joists, with ballast fill and overlaid with roofing.
Masonry jack-arch construction (M. Lutman)
Masonry jack-arch construction (A. Pomonis)
Brick masonry jack arch construction, Canada (Ojdrovic Engineering)
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Shape of the building plan (often referred to as "footprint") is the shape of the projection of the exterior edge of the building at grade onto the horizontal plane. To the extent possible, it is classified according to various simple shapes and letters of the alphabet. The shape from the table that most closely resembles the shape of the building footprint should be listed.
Where the building changes in plan cross-section (such as in the case of tower and podium, or a setback) some judgment is called for – in general, the shape that the building conforms to for the majority of its height should be listed, and may differ from the footprint (plan cross-section) at ground floor level.
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Tuff is an igneous volcanic rock made up of rock and mineral fragments that are compacted with volcanic ash. In general, the grain size of the ash is below 4 mm (above 4 mm: volcanic breccia). The colour of tuff is variable (and strongly depends on its weathering and chemical composition), but it is mostly greyish, brown, or yellow It is a low-density, high-porosity rock that is often soft and porous and can therefore be scratched by metal objects. It is a relatively soft stone and it has been widely used for masonry construction in regions where it is available (e.g. Italy, Armenia, etc.).
Tuff stone blocks, Italy (A. Benedetti)
A view of Sovana, Italy - most buildings are built using tuff masonry and the city was built on a tuff cliff (http://ilcasale1742.it/en/)
Tuff stone was used for the construction of Bourbon del Monte Palace (16th century), Sovana, Italy (www.fototoscana.it)
Tuff stone used in modern wall construction, Italy (A. Benedetti)
A wall built using dressed tuff stone exterior wythe over a rubble masonry in San Giuliano damaged in the 2002 Molise earthquake, Italy (A. Benedetti)
Tuff stone masonry in Algiers, Algeria was affected by the 2003 Boumerdes earthquake (M. Farsi)
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Generally cast iron, but includes all grades of iron.
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The footprint of the building when viewed in plan resembles the shape of the letter E.
A building with E-shaped plan, Vancouver, Canada (Map data ©2013 Google, Province of British Columbia, DigitalGlobe, IMTCAN)