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Wood construction may consist of posts or columns and beams as in Post and Beam construction, as light wood framing consisting of closely-spaced posts as in light wood-framed Walls, or as in solid wood construction where thick planks or logs are laid horizontally to create load-bearing Walls.
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The foundations are 1m deep or more below grade, and they have lateral capacity. Foundations with lateral capacity include tie-beams, foundation walls, inclined piles, piles or piers on wide spread footings.
An example of a braced timber pile deep foundation with lateral capacity. This example is a deep foundation that is braced. Another option is for the deep pile not to be braced but to just act as a vertical cantilever provided the height of the pile is not too great above ground level.
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A cripple wall is a wall that is less than a full storey high, and it usually occurs between a foundation and the ground floor in a light wood frame building (thus creating a crawl space). These walls are weak because they are typically sheathed with only stucco or horizontal wood siding on the exterior side of the wall. These sheathing materials are inadequate wall-bracing methods. Damage and collapse of older wood frame buildings at the cripple-wall level was observed in past earthquakes.
Cripple wall and crawl space (FEMA G225)
Collapse of a wood-frame house which slid over the cripple wall, 1983 Coalinga, California earthquake (EERI Reconnaissance Team)
Cripple wall failure in the 1971 San Fernando, California earthquake (Courtesy of K.V. Steinbrugge and the NISEE, University of California, Berkeley)
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Masonry walls that are reinforced against earthquake forces by horizontal, vertical, and/or diagonal wood members. The wood reinforcement might consist of wood bond beams at eaves level to tie walls together or may be vertical posts attached to walls to reduce the amount of earthquake damage.
Rubble stone masonry in mud mortar with timber bands (local name: Bhatar), NWFP, Pakistan (J. Bothara)
Taq is a timber-laced masonry construction where horizontal timbers are embedded in masonry walls at each floor level; this is a traditional construction found in Kashmir, India (D. Rai)
Adobe building with a wood bond beam at eaves level, Peru (M. Blondet)
Dhajji Dewari construction in Kashmir, India (D. Rai)
"Pombalino" buildings in Lisbon, Portugal are historic masonry buildings with wooden bracing members; these buildings were built after the devastating 1755 earthquake - refer to World Housing Encyclopedia Report 92 (Cardoso, Lopes, Bento, and D'Ayala) for more information
Wood reinforced adobe buildings can be found in Chile (tabiquería de madera rellena de adobe). The photo at the top shows a building in Santiago (note the exposed wall portion) and the bottom photos shows a building in Cauquenes damaged in the 2010 Maule earthquake (S. Brzev and M. Astroza)
Wood-reinforced stone masonry, Algeria (M. Farsi)
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Lateral load-resisting system is the structural system that provides resistance against horizontal earthquake forces through vertical and horizontal components. It is important to identify the most appropriate lateral load-resisting system. Please refer to the descriptions of relevant glossary terms before making the selection.